Nutrition
Energy Needs and Control of Obesity
- Dangers of Under and Over weight
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§ Framington study indicated obesity increased Chance of early death
§ cardiovascular disease
§ diabetes
§ Assumes that previously obese people who are now thin will be as health as people who were near IBM all the time.
§ Extra food intake may be need for maintaining nitrogen balance
§ See "nature theory" below
o Diabetes mellitus is a group of diseases characterized by high levels of
blood glucose. It results from defects in insulin secretion, insulin
insensitivity,
or both. Diabetes can be associated with serious complications and
premature death,
- Type Two Diabetes
o develops in adults and is caused by the body's resistance to the action of insulin and to impaired insulin secretion.
o Treatment:
It can be treated with
diet, exercise, diabetes pills,
and injected insulin.
- Type 1 diabetes
o A small number of people
have Type 1 diabetes, which
usually develops before age 20 and is always treated with insulin.
- Cardiovascular Disease
Diet induced cardiovascular disease (Atherosclerosis)
is largely the result of a build up of cholesterol plagues in the walls of
arteries. These plaques restrict the flow of blood (stenosis ) and the supply
of oxygen to the tissues that the arteries are supplying.
Peripheral
Vascular Disease
Peripheral vascular disease is a
narrowing of blood vessels that restricts blood
flow. It mostly occurs in the legs, but is sometimes seen in the arms.
Heart
Diseases
Coronary artery disease occurs
when the coronary arteries become partially
blocked or clogged and limits the flow of blood to heart muscle
Arteries would not supply enough oxygen when extra is needed, e.g., when a person is climbing stairs, exercising, or having sex.
This
causes the heart is be deprived of oxygen (myocardial ischemia)
When the blockage is limited, chest pain or pressure
called angina may occur. When the blood flow stops completely, the result
is a heart attack (myocardial infarction or heart muscle death).
- Underweight
§ Framington study indicated underweight increased
chance of early death
§ infectious disease
§ cancer
§ Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa
o Who gets an Eating Disorder?
o Danger of too little body fat
§ The %age body fat a person has is a record of the balance that person often achieved between the use of energy and the intake of food energy
§ When the body uses more energy than it eats it will do three things:
§ Reduce its need for energy
§ Use available energy for immediate needs and reduce use in areas that can be postponed.
§ Draw down it's energy reserves e.g. Fat deposits.
§ Reduction of the bodies need for energy
§ This is done by reducing the size of organs not used extensively
§ Heart, lung, liver, kidney
§ This can be reduced by exercise and putting demands on these organs
§ Directing Available Energy to Immediate Needs
§ This is done by reducing the use of energy for such things as
tissue repair and replacement (turn over), blood cell production and immunity,
§ The body does this because ecercse is part of the "fight and flight" reaction and it is more important for the individual to survive immediate "danger" and put off tissue repair etc. until a "safer" time.
§ Draw down it's energy receives e.g. Fat deposits
§ If fat levels are lower than normal it means that the two previous options will have been used to some extent as well over the last few months
§ Effect of Dieting and exercise
§ The Options above will occur when ever there is not enough energy intake to meet the bodies needs. This is just as likely when it is due to not eating enough :dieting" or if due to extra exerscse.
§ Normal Energy use:
§ Effect of Dieting on Internal Energy Use:
§ Effect of Dieting on Internal Energy Use:
This means that when ever there
is not enough energy consumed to supply the bodies needs internal use is
reduced and the bodies protection is compromised. This accuse in cases of extra
exersise and dieting.
An immediate response is observed as anemia and long term response is reduce
fat reserves.
Although it might look nice to have a body with
little fat and it might improve sporting achievements
It is done at the expense of body maintenance and immunity allowing a greater
chance of contacting infections and allowing cancer to develop
§ Control of Body Weight:
http://www.bodytrends.com/serpa.htm
http://www.bodytrends.com/acmdiet.htm
Ø Obese people do not get
osteoporosis.
This
may be due to their higher insulin secretion reducing
calcium
lost in the urine.
Ø
Obese people have greater
resistance to infection and cancer due to greater supply
of
energy and vitamins
Ø
Obese children grow to
maximum size due to getting excess
supply of vitamins and minerals
Early Maximum growth of body means max growth of brain at early age =>
means greater IQ
Ø Obese people have greater chance of surviving long term illness due to
greater reserves of energy and nutrients
- Causes of Obesity
- Nurture versus Nature Debate
- Nurture Theories
- Obesity may be caused by psychology
- Eating to satisfy
- Boredom
- Parents
- Stress
- Culture
- Effect of age
- Ego
- Most obese adults were slim when young
- Nature Theories
Obesity caused by physiology
- Dieting does not help
- Muscle tone
- Diet induced Thermogenesis
- Glycogen storage variations
- Need large food intake to maintain Nitrogen Balance
- Aging
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