• Dangers of Under and Over weight
• Obesity and health
• Framington study indicated obesity increased Chance of early death

• cardiovascular disease
• diabetes
• Assumes that previously obese people who are now thin will be as health as people who were near IBM all the time.
• Extra food intake may be need for maintaining nitrogen balance
• See "nature theory" below
• What is Diabetes?
• Diabetes mellitus is a group of diseases characterized by high levels of

                    blood glucose. It results from defects in insulin secretion, insulin insensitivity,
                    or both. Diabetes can be associated with serious complications and
                    premature death,
• Type Two Diabetes
• develops in adults and is caused by the body's resistance to the action of insulin and to impaired insulin secretion.
• Treatment:

                   It can be treated with diet, exercise, diabetes pills,
                     and injected insulin.
• Type 1 diabetes
• A small number of people
                      have Type 1 diabetes, which
                    usually develops before age 20 and is always treated with insulin.
• Cardiovascular Disease
            Diet induced cardiovascular disease (Atherosclerosis) is largely the result of a build up of cholesterol plagues in the walls of arteries. These plaques restrict the flow of blood (stenosis ) and the supply of oxygen to the tissues that the arteries are supplying.
 

 
Peripheral Vascular Disease
    Peripheral vascular disease is a narrowing of blood vessels that restricts blood
        flow. It mostly occurs in the legs, but is sometimes seen in the arms.
Heart Diseases
Coronary artery disease occurs when the coronary arteries become partially
        blocked or clogged and limits the flow of blood to heart muscle
         Arteries would not supply enough oxygen when extra is needed, e.g., when a person is  climbing stairs, exercising, or having sex.
         This causes  the heart is be deprived of oxygen (myocardial ischemia)
        When the blockage is limited, chest pain or pressure
        called angina may occur. When the blood flow stops completely, the result
        is a heart attack (myocardial infarction or heart muscle death).
 
• Underweight
• Framington study indicated underweight increased

• infectious disease
• cancer
• Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa
• Who gets an Eating Disorder?
• Danger of too little body fat
• The %age body fat  a person has is a record of the balance that person often achieved between the use of energy and the intake of food energy
• When the body uses more energy than it eats it will do three things:
• Reduce its need for energy
• Use available energy for immediate needs and reduce use in areas that can be postponed.
• Draw down it's energy reserves e.g. Fat deposits.
• Reduction of the bodies  need for energy
• This is done by reducing the size of organs not used extensively
• Heart, lung, liver, kidney
• This can be reduced by exercise and putting demands on these organs
• Directing  Available Energy to Immediate Needs
• This is done by reducing the use of energy for such things as
            tissue repair and replacement (turn over), blood cell production and immunity,
• The body does this because ecercse is part of the "fight and flight" reaction and it is more important for the individual to survive immediate "danger" and put off tissue repair etc. until a "safer" time.
• Draw down it's energy receives e.g. Fat deposits
• If fat levels are lower than normal it means that the two previous options will have been used to some extent as well over the last few months
• Effect of Dieting and exercise
• The Options above will occur when ever there is not enough energy intake to meet the bodies needs. This is just as likely when it is due to not eating enough :dieting" or if due to extra exerscse.
• Normal Energy use:

• Effect of Dieting on Internal Energy Use:

 
• Effect of Dieting on Internal Energy Use:

 
This means that when ever there is not enough energy consumed to supply the bodies needs internal use is reduced and the bodies protection is compromised. This accuse in cases of extra exersise and dieting.
An immediate response is observed as anemia and long term response is reduce fat reserves.

Although it might look nice to have a body with little fat and it might improve sporting achievements
It is done at the expense of body maintenance and immunity allowing a greater chance of contacting infections and allowing cancer to develop

 
• Control of Body Weight:

• Why dieting doesn't work

• Combine Exercise with diet

• Benefits of Obesity
• Causes of Obesity
• Nurture versus Nature Debate
• Nurture Theories
• Obesity may be caused by psychology
• Eating to satisfy
• Boredom
• Parents
• Stress
• Culture
• Effect of age
• Ego
• Most obese adults were slim when young
• Nature Theories

• Dieting does not help
• Muscle tone
• Diet induced Thermogenesis
• Heat production by BAT
• Glycogen storage variations
• Need large food intake to maintain Nitrogen Balance
• Aging

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Prepared by Barry Brazier